Mediterranean studies have been intrinsically linked to the ‘milieu’ since the pioneering work of Fernand Braudel (Braudel, 1949). Today, environmental history no longer looks solely at the Braudelian milieu, but at all the interactions of human and non-human actors with the environment. The aim of this conference is therefore to take a fresh look at the Mediterranean through the lens of environmental history. In other words, how does this field of history enable us to reconsider the spectrum of Mediterranean studies, from economic and maritime history to political history, via cultural and social history? To what extent does this area have its own specific dynamics? How do Mediterranean societies adapt to external models? How are practices specific to certain Mediterranean regions integrated into other areas, whether Mediterranean or not?

Over the last twenty years, the history of the Mediterranean has undergone a number of changes (Cahiers de la Méditerranée, 2021), even to the point of questioning the very relevance of this historical object (Moatti, 2020). However, an environmental perspective is justified by the relative unity of the climate, the famous Mediterranean triad, the landscapes of terraces and lagoons, between land and sea, not forgetting a certain diversity, such as the deserts of the southern shore (Fouache, 2003). This stimulating approach has already fed into historical reflections, for example in the research programme ‘Les sociétés méditerranées face au risque’ (2002-2007) (Chastagnaret, 2009; Cousin, 2011; Velud, 2012; Chastagnaret et als, 2013), or the current ‘Gouverner les îles’ (2022-2026). Considering this question from the modern and contemporary eras seems appropriate, since there are ruptures, such as climate change (Revue géographique des pays méditerranéens, 2022), but continuities prevail, such as the exploitation of resources (Rousselle, 1997).

All the new research in environmental history questioning the singularity of the Mediterranean will therefore be examined here, discussing its unity and diversity, within the framework of case studies from the northern and southern shores, and from the sea itself. It will also be necessary to determine whether the dynamics are the same between these two shores, before, after and during colonisation (Davis, 2013; Histoire Politique, 2022). The conference will focus on a number of themes, without aiming to be exhaustive or neglecting their cross-cutting nature:

1. Natural resources
The question of food resources is a cornerstone of environmental history. The specificity of the Mediterranean stems obviously from the Mediterranean triad, not forgetting other cereals, livestock farming, but also the exploitation of fisheries resources (Faget, 2017 and 2022; Rivoal, 2022), or even coral (Rives méditerranéennes, 2018). However, Mediterranean biodiversity remains in flux: waves of botanical acclimatisation, particularly in gardens (Blais, 2023), were aimed at improving agricultural production. To increase and optimise these activities, societies had to control water. Many marshes around the Mediterranean were drained (Lemeunier, 2004). Irrigation also raised questions about the regular conflicts over use of the ‘commons’ (Gasparini, 2012). Energy resources and the transition from old energy sources to fossil fuels also need to be studied.

2. A saturated and polluted environment
This over-exploitation of resources led to an intensification of pollution, starting in modern times and intensifying in the industrial age (Chastagneret, 2017; Daumalin and Laffont-Schwob, 2016; Rives méditerranéennes, 2020). Particular attention needs to be paid to marine pollution. The birth and development of conservation and protection policies need to be examined (Marcel, 2013), while considering individual and collective resilience.

3. Urban planning
Development has many echoes in the previous sections (irrigation, industry, oil and gas fields, etc.). This approach focuses on the urbanisation of the Mediterranean area and its relationship with the environment, with particular attention to ports. For example, a road bypass was organised within - or even above - the city of Nice to preserve the ‘natural’ appearance of the Promenade des Anglais and the sea (Bodinier, 2024).

4. Tourism
There is no doubt that tourism - a constituent element of the Mediterranean since the eighteenth century (Corbin, 1988) - accelerated development both on the coast and in the mountains, and more generally transforming all human relationships with the Mediterranean area and its environment.

5. Societies faced with nature: risk, disaster, resilience, management
A risk and disaster approach also provides a new perspective on maritime and commercial history through the study of shipwrecks (Tavenne, Devilliers, 2022). The recent meteorological news of storm Alex is also a reminder of the risks posed by Mediterranean torrents (Sud-Ouest européen, 2011), not forgetting the risk of flooding (Chastagnaret et al., 2006), earthquakes and forest fires (Chalvet, 2005). Diseases and epidemics also punctuated the history of the Mediterranean, such as malaria, the plague and cholera. Societies responded individually and collectively: for example, until the 18th century, in the Catholic Mediterranean, the population sought divine intercession through processions during periods when it was too dry or too wet (Barriendos, 2010); scientists considered man-made climate change and contributed their expertise during the Enlightenment (Casti Moreschi, 1989); from the 19th century onwards, specialised state institutions gradually took charge of risk management, more recently in dialogue with citizens’ associations.

All these issues need to be considered in the light of the global changes of the Anthropocene, with their consequences for human societies, flora and fauna.

Submission
Proposals in French or English, the languages of this international conference, should be between 1 and 3,000 characters in length and accompanied by a bio-biographical presentation. They should be sent before 30 September 2024 by email to leonie.boissiere@univ-cotedazur.fr and dolet.simon@gmail.com.

This international conference will be published.

Scientific commitee
Xavier Huetz de Lemps (Université Côte d’Azur)
Lavinia Maddaluno (Università Ca’Foscari)
Charles-Francois Mathis (Université Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne)
Alexis Metzger (École Nationale de la Nature et du Paysage)
Émilie-Anne Pépy (Université Savoie Mont Blanc)
Jan Synowiecki (Université de Caen Normandie)